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The resistance of a uniform conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area
The resistance of a given conductor depends on the material of which it is made
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Wikipedia contributors. "Electrochemical cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Reduction potential." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.

The resistance of a uniform conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area
The resistance of a given conductor depends on the material of which it is made
{slide_1.jpg}
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrochemical cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Reduction potential." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.

piezoelectric
chemical
Faradays Experiment
1. All the static charge on a conductor lies on its surface.
2. There can be no potential difference between two points on the surface of a charged conductor
equipotential surface.
4. Electric lines of force are normal to equipotential surfaces.
5. Lines of force originate or terminate normal to the conductive surface of a charged object.
Combinations of cells
-IF the cells are connected in series..
-the emf* of the battery is equal to the sum of the emfs of the individual cells
- The current in each cell and in the external circuit has the same magnitude throughout
- The internal resistances of the battery is equal to the sum of the internal resistances of the individual cells
The emf (electromotive force) of a source is the energy per unit charge supplied by the source, measured in volts.
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-If cells are connected in parallel..
-the emf is equal to the emf of each separate cell
- the total current in the circuit is divided equally among the cells
- the reciprocal of the internal resistance of the batter is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the internal resistances of the cells
Ohm's Law
Ohm's law** states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,[1] one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:[2]
-The constant is the resistant of the circuit
V=IR
P=IV
P=I2R
Laws of Resistance
The resistance of all substances changes with temperature
The resistance of a uniform conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor
The resistance of a uniform conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area
The resistance of a given conductor depends on the material of which it is made
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrochemical cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Reduction potential." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrical Resistance and Conductance." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrical Network." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Ohm's Law." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.

piezoelectric
chemical
Faradays Experiment
1. All the static charge on a conductor lies on its surface.
2. There can be no potential difference between two points on the surface of a charged conductor
3. The surface of a conductor is an equipotential surface.
4. Electric lines of force are normal to equipotential surfaces.
5. Lines of force originate or terminate normal to the conductive surface of a charged object.
Combinations of cells
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrochemical cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Reduction potential." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.

Q=quantity of charge
V=the potential difference between the conducting plates
Dielectric material
A dielectric material (dielectric for short) is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.
Dielectric constant = K
Wikipedia contributors. "Reduction potential." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Redox." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 5 Jan. 2017. Web. 5 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrification." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Coulomb's Law." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Electric Field." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Electric Potential." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Capacitor." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Dielectric." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrical Resistance and Conductance." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrical Network." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2017.

Q=quantity of charge
V=the potential difference between the conducting plates
Dielectric material
A dielectric material (dielectric for short) is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.
Dielectric constant = K
K=C2/C1
Combination of Capacitors
-For capacitors connected in parallel...
- CT=C1 + C2 + C3....
-For capacitors connected in series...
- 1/CT= 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3...
Direct Current Circuits
Current
Current (I) = charge(Q)/ time (t)
Unit of current is the ampere (A)
One ampere is a current of 1 coulomb per second
Resistance
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, and is the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).
An electrical circuit is a network consisting of a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. Linear electrical networks, a special type consisting only of sources (voltage or current), linear lumped elements (resistors, capacitors, inductors), and linear distributed elements (transmission lines), have the property that signals are linearly superimposable. They are thus more easily analyzed, using powerful frequency domain methods such as Laplace transforms, to determine DC response, AC response, and transient response.
Sources of continuous current
electromagnetic
photoelectric
thermoelectric
piezoelectric
chemical
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrochemical cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Reduction potential." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.

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Electric Potential
V=Work(W)/charge(q)
An electric potential (also called the electric field potential or the electrostatic potential) is the amount of electric potential energy that a unitary point electric charge would have if located at any point in space, and is equal to the work done by an external agent in carrying a unit of positive charge from the arbitrarily chosen reference point (usually infinity) to that point without any acceleration.
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in an electric field.[1] The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors of a circuit in sufficiently close proximity, a capacitor is specifically designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety of practical applications by consideration of size, shape, and positioning of closely spaced conductors, and the intervening dielectric material. A capacitor was therefore historically first known as an electric condenser.[2]
C=Q/V
C=capacitance
Q=quantity of charge
V=the potential difference between the conducting plates
A dielectric material (dielectric for short) is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in a conductor, but only slightly shift from their average equilibrium positions causing dielectric polarization.
Dielectric constant = K
K=C2/C1
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrochemical cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Reduction potential." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.

An electric line of force is an imaginary continuous line or curve drawn in an electric field such that tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the electric force at that point.The direction of a line of force is the direction along which a small free positive charge will move along the line.
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{electric-fields-5-728.jpg}
Wikipedia contributors. "Electrochemical cell." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.
Wikipedia contributors. "Reduction potential." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Dec. 2016. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.